Lots of us would say that Ireland didn't have much of an industrial revolution. Colin Rynne would like us to think again. Dr Rynne, an industrial archaeologist at University College Cork, says the problem is that we compare ourselves to Britain, which was at the height of its empire building during its industrial revolution, rather than to more similar countries, such as the Netherlands and Belgium.
“Ireland performed quite well compared to other European countries. In the 17th century Irish ports were the cornerstone of English transatlantic provisions trade. It had one of the best road systems in Europe in the 18th century. The first steam ship crossed the Atlantic from Queenstown” – or Cobh – “to New York in 1838, and we had the first flashing lighthouse, on the Galley Head in Cork,” he says.
That Ireland was part of the British Empire at the time tainted the story of industrialisation here. "It was barely acknowledged in legislation, and its historical significance was clouded in a postcolonial mentality," says Rynne, who has written about our manufacturing past in Industrial Ireland 1750-1930.
There is much to celebrate about Ireland's industrial heritage, he says. "We had a huge linen industry in the North. The Harland and Wolff shipbuilders in Belfast was the largest in the world in the 1920s and 1930s, employing almost 30,000 people, and the Guinness brewery was the largest brewery in the world."
Coal and iron
Another reason why we tend not to associate Ireland with industrialisation is that we had far less coal and iron – primary resources for heavy industry – than Britain. “Ireland remains the only country in Europe that doesn’t have a commercial coal mine,” Rynne says. Instead Irish mining concentrated on copper, lead, silver and, to an extent, gold.
And there was industrialisation of agriculture, with crops grown for food production and the clothing industry. Grain stores, flour mills, and linen and cotton mills were built across the country, close to the crops that supplied them.
In the mid 1850s the Famine led to rural depopulation, through emigration and, in many cases, death, and subsequently to the expansion of towns and cities. This population shift "set the scene for the development of urban industries, with steam power, mechanisation and factory labour becoming the norm," Fred Hamond and Mary McMahon write in Recording andthe Conserving Ireland's Industrial Heritage, a Heritage Council guide. The provision of utilities – water, sewerage, gas and electricity – for this growing urban population became another important part of Ireland's industrialisation.
The development of the peat industry meant that turf needed to be moved around Ireland, so it could be used as fuel in urban as well as in rural areas. It was transported by the same network of railways and canals that was used to move other goods, as well as people.
Colin Rynne says that, perhaps surprisingly, some aspects of industrialisation happened here before they did in Britain. The Newry Canal, for example, was the first “summit level” canal – one that connects two water-drainage regions – in Britain or Ireland, and the streets of Dublin were paved before those of London.
Dr Hamond, an industrial archaeologist based in Belfast, says there has been much interest over the past 20 years in industrial heritage. He, McMahon and Rynne play key roles in the Industrial Heritage Association of Ireland, which helps to promote our industrial past. An archive is slowly developing of our bridges, canals and railways, as well as of derelict mills, despoiled landscapes and rusting machinery that mark the sites of once thriving industries. And the Inland Waterways Association of Ireland, the Irish Steam Preservation Society, the Mining Heritage Trust of Ireland and the Ulster Aviation Society, among other, are all playing their part in celebrating some of the estimated 100,000 sites of industrial interest in Ireland.
The Heritage Council has also promoted industrial heritage through grants for site surveys and funding for industrial-heritage associations. And while funds are much tighter than they were a decade ago, the council is central to the focus on industrial and design heritage in this year's National Heritage Week, from runs from today until August 30th. Northern Ireland will join 22 other European countries in the celebration of their industrial past next month, during European Heritage Days.
Championing heritage
But, generally speaking, our industrial-heritage sites attract far fewer tourists than our country houses, castles and older archaeological sites. Hamond says he’d like people to champion their local industrial sites into the future.
“When you consider that the whole economy of Ireland is based on industry, the big houses wouldn’t have survived without the industries they developed, and more people are connected to the people who worked in these industries, you have to ask why industrial heritage isn’t more recognised.”
The oral histories of workers in mines, mills and distilleries should become key parts of museum collections and guided tours, he says.
“A lot of people associate archaeology with what is below the ground, but I’m much more interested in what’s above ground. When you combine the memories of people with ordnance surveys and field evidence, you can build up a big picture of the effect on society, the economy and the landscape of these industries.”
Finding new uses for former mills, as well as for the distilleries that once dotted Ireland, is another approach. The results are evident, among other places, at Kilbeggan Distillery Experience, at the former Locke's whiskey distillery in Kilbeggan, Co Offaly, the tea room at the former woollen mill in Glanworth, Co Cork, or the conversion of the corn mill in Clonakilty, Co Cork, to a public library.
So where should people start in terms of looking at and understanding our industrial heritage? Colin Rynne suggests a walk along the Grand Canal, to see its bridges and locks, a visit to the Steam Museum in Straffan, Co Kildare, or a trip to the National Maritime Museum of Ireland, in Dún Laoghaire. Or how about a walk from Poolbeg Power Station, at the southern tip of the Liffey quays in Dublin, along the South Wall to Poolbeg Lighthouse, to take in both the past and the present of Ireland's maritime industry?
Industrial strengths: National Heritage Week events
Furnace tours Free looks around the 17th- and 18th-century iron-smelting furnaces on the western shores of Lough Derg, at Mountshannon Harbour, Co Clare. Saturday, August 29th, 10.30am-4.30pm; furnaceproject.org.
Industrial Heritage talk Dr Colin Rynne, industrial archaeologist, on the industrialisation of Ireland in the 18th and 19th centuries, at the Irish Traditional Music Institute, Beechlawn House, Newmarket-on-Fergus, Co Clare. Thursday, August 27th, 7.30pm.
Cork's Victorian waterworks Heritage open day at Lifetime Lab, Cork city, on Saturday, August 22nd, 11am-4pm; lifetimelab.ie.
Allihies copper mine Free entry to Allihies Copper Mine Museum, Allihies, Co Cork, Sunday, August 30th, 11am-4pm; acmm.ie.
Railway library and archives open day A chance to see the collections and the small museum of the Irish Railway Record Society. Founded it 1946, the organisation focuses on all aspects of Ireland's railway history. Irish Railway Record Society, Heuston Station, Dublin, Sunday, August 29th, 11am-5pm; info@irrs.ie, www.irrs.ie.
Newmills corn and flax mills Demonstration of traditional oat milling, using the original millstones, powered by one of the largest working water wheels in Ireland, at Newmills, Co Donegal, Sunday, August 30th, 1pm-5pm.
Guinness Storehouse building exhibition: a celebration of the industrial heritage of the Guinness brewery in Dublin, St Stephen's Green (Grafton Street end), Dublin, August 25th-30th, 9am-11pm; guinness-storehouse.com.
Royal and Grand Canals Learn about the Royal Canal with historian Peter Clarke, Cabra Library, Dublin, Thursday, August 27th, 6.30pm; walk the Grand Canal, starting at Mespil Road (near Baggot Street bridge), Wednesday, August 26th, 11am, and Thursday, August 27th, 1pm (book on 01-6877042); visit the 12th Lock and its environs, Sunday, August 30th, 2pm-5pm; and learn about the building of the Grand Canal in Offaly with James Scully, Ferbane Library, Co Offaly, Tuesday, August 25th, 7.30pm.
Dalkey Quarry Rob Goodbody, author of The Metals: From Dalkey to Dún Laoghaire, will talk about the source for the building of the railways, Dalkey Castle, Wednesday, August 26th, 7.30pm, 01-2858366, dalkeycastle.com.
Fingal Vintage Harvest Festival Traditional harvest day in the crop field at Skerries Mills, with demonstrations of harvesting and threshing; Sunday, August 23rd, 1pm-8pm, 01-8495208, skerriesmills.ie.
Printing heritage The National Print Museum is making its daily interactive guided tours free for National Heritage Week, to help show the role of printing in Ireland's industrial heritage. The 11.30am tours are suitable for adults, with demonstrations of the collection; the 2.30pm activity-based tours are suitable for families. Monday, August 24th to Friday, August 28th. Book on 01-6603770; nationalprintmuseum.ie.
Waterville cable station Find out how Waterville became one of the largest centres of the worldwide telegraphic industry in this talk by Dorothy and Amy Rudd, at Tech Amergin Community Arts & Education Centre, Waterville, Co Kerry, Saturday, August 22nd, 3pm; techamergin.com.
Steam train trips Travel on Ireland's oldest heritage railway, through Stradbally Hall Estate, Stradbally, Co Laois, Saturday and Sunday, August 22nd and 23rd, 1pm-4pm; irishsteam.ie.
19th-century child labour The work of children in 19th-century industry explored through the eyes of Michael Davitt. Michael Davitt Museum, Straide, Co Mayo, Sunday, August 23rd, noon-5pm, michaeldavittmuseum.com.
Flax harvesting Demonstrations of flax and linen milling, brewing, and wool and weaving, at Laragh Heritage Centre, Laragh, Co Monaghan, Sunday, August 30th, noon-6pm.
Avoca mines walk Join a walk through one of Ireland's largest mines, at Avoca, Co Wicklow, Sunday, August 23rd 3pm-5pm.
