US president Barack Obama welcomed home some of the last US troops from Iraq today, marking a symbolic end to the nearly nine-year war that strained America's armed forces and damaged its standing worldwide.
Addressing soldiers at Fort Bragg, North Carolina, home of the 82nd Airborne Division, Mr Obama stopped short of declaring victory in Iraq but called the winding down of the conflict "an extraordinary achievement."
"It is harder to end a war than to begin one," he told about 3,000 soldiers gathered in an airplane hangar as they punctuated his speech with cheers and hollers.
Despite lingering questions about whether the United States should have invaded the Middle Eastern country, the last American troops "will cross the border out of Iraq with their heads held high," Mr Obama said.
"Of course, Iraq is not a perfect place. But we are leaving behind a sovereign, stable and self-reliant Iraq, with a representative government that was elected by its people," he said. "We are ending a war not with a final battle, but with a final march toward home."
As of this week, there were about 5,500 US troops left in Iraq, down from more than 170,000 at the height of the war that Mr Obama's predecessor George W Bush started in the wake of the September 11th, 2001, attacks.
Michelle Obama, speaking just before her husband, injected a hint of campaign rhetoric by crediting the president for winding down the war. "He's kept his promise to responsibly bring you home from Iraq," she told the Fort Bragg soldiers.
Leaving Iraq fulfils a pledge that helped Mr Obama win the presidency in 2008 and allows the White House to focus more on Afghanistan as well as economic worries at home, where the high jobless rate will be a major concern for voters next year.
But critics have accused Mr Obama of ending the war hastily to suit his re-election campaign, warning the US departure could embolden insurgent fighters as well as Iraq's neighbour Iran.
Mitt Romney, a leading Republican contender for the 2012 presidential race, said in an open letter to Mr Obama today that "words of welcome to our returning soldiers is not enough" and called it "a disgrace" that veterans of the Iraq war face unemployment several points higher than the national rate.
And John McCain, who ran against Mr Obama for the presidency in 2008, said this week he found it "a bit presumptuous" for Mr Obama to take credit for a war he opposed.
Mr Obama owes his White House tenure in part to his opposition to the Iraq war, which grew unpopular in the United States when military fighting morphed into sectarian violence and it became clear that Iraqi leader Saddam Hussein was not hiding weapons of mass destruction and supporting al-Qaeda militants as the Bush administration had claimed.
As an Illinois state legislator, Mr Obama gave a stirring speech in 2002, warning that invading Iraq would plunge the United States into a "dumb war." He used his anti-war stance to distinguish himself in the Democratic presidential run-off from Hillary Clinton who voted in Congress to go to war in Iraq.
In office, Mr Obama moved quickly to scale back what his aides had dubbed "Bush's war" and to shift the military's focus to Afghanistan and its border with Pakistan, which he called the neglected battleground in the fight against al-Qaeda.
Commentators now see that conflict as "Obama's war" and believe his presidency will be judged more on the outcomes of the Afghan campaign than on developments in Iraq, especially after the US killing of al-Qaeda leader Osama bin Laden earlier this year.
In Fort Bragg, Mr Obama thanked soldiers and their families and said he was confident the US departure from Iraq as well as the eventual transition from Afghanistan would leave the United States in a better position overall.
"Because of you, we are ending these wars in a way that will make America stronger and the world more secure," he told the troops.
Sgt Major Millard View, who served in Iraq every year since the war began in 2003, and returned to the United States in April, said it had been "a tough road" for troops who had to keep the peace and also help rebuild a broken country.
"The average soldier had to be a soldier on the one hand and city mayor on the other hand," he said.
Reuters