Kate Millett, author of the groundbreaking bestseller Sexual Politics, was the feminist who launched the second wave of the women's liberation movement. Millett, who has died aged 82, developed the theory that for women the personal is political.
The basis of Sexual Politics (1970) was an analysis of patriarchal power. Millett developed the notion that men have institutionalised power over women, and that this power is socially constructed as opposed to biological or innate. This theory was the foundation for a new approach to feminist thinking that became known as radical feminism.
Sexual Politics was published at the time of an emerging women's liberation movement, and an emerging politics that began to define male dominance as a political and institutional form of oppression. Millett's work articulated this theory to the wider world, and in particular to the intellectual liberal establishment, thereby launching radical feminism as a significant new political theory and movement.
In her book Millett explained women’s complicity in male domination by analysing the way in which females are socialised into accepting patriarchal values and norms, which challenged the notion that female subservience is somehow natural.
It was never the intention of Millett to become a career feminist, being much more interested in her art as a sculptor. But after being featured on the cover of Time magazine in August 1970, she was catapulted into fame, which led to a backlash from some feminists who accused Millett of styling herself as a movement "leader" – an accusation she refuted.
Catholic parents
Born in St Paul, Minnesota, Millett was raised by strict Catholic parents. Her mother, Helen (nee Feely), worked as a teacher and an insurance saleswoman to support her three daughters after her alcoholic husband James, an engineer, abandoned the family when Kate was 14.
Millett went to the University of Minnesota, graduating in English literature in 1956, and then to St Hilda’s College, Oxford. She taught briefly at the University of North Carolina, before focusing on sculpture in Japan and then New York. In 1965 she married the Japanese sculptor Fumio Yoshimura. During their open relationship Millett had sexual relationships with a number of women.
She went to Columbia University in 1968, and Sexual Politics, based on her doctorate, was published in 1970. At the time Millett was living as an impoverished hippy in the Bowery district. She wrote about the impact of her newfound fame in Flying (1974) and followed this up with Sita (1976), about her relationship with an older woman.
In 1979 she travelled to Iran's first International Women's Day with her then partner Sophie Keir, a photojournalist. They were arrested and expelled, an experience they documented in their book Going to Iran (1981).
Millett had been committed to mental health institutions by her family on various occasions, and she became an activist in the anti-psychiatry movement. She wrote about these experiences in The Loony-Bin Trip (1990) which included her committal to a hospital in Ireland. She also wrote The Politics of Cruelty (1994), in which she railed against the use of torture, and Mother Millett (2001), about her relationship with her mother.
Bag-lady horrors
In 1998 Millett wrote a piece for the Guardian newspaper, The Feminist Time Forgot, in which she said: "I have no saleable skill, for all my supposed accomplishments. I am unemployable. Frightening, this future. What poverty ahead, what mortification, what distant bag-lady horrors, when my savings are gone?"
Millett was preoccupied, however, with what she perceived to be the wealth held by other feminists, in particular those who had not contributed to the movement in any original way. US radical feminist Andrea Rita Dworkin claimed Millett had lambasted her for owning a brownstone in Brooklyn, for no apparent reason other than she was unhappy with her lot.
In her later years Millett and Keir lived on a farm in Poughkeepsie, New York state, where at first they sold Christmas trees, and later established a women’s art colony. In 2012 she received the Yoko Ono Lennon Courage award for the arts, and in 2013 she was inducted into the National Women’s Hall of Fame in New York.
Millett’s marriage to Yoshimura ended in 1985. She is survived by Keir, whom she married in later life. Guardian Service