Few European cities have had as disturbed and violent a history as Belfast over the last half-century. For much of that time the Troubles dominated life in Ireland’s second-biggest population centre, and during the darkest days of the conflict riots, bombings and indiscriminate shootings were tragically commonplace. The British army patrolled the streets in armoured vehicles and civilians were searched for guns and explosives before they were allowed entry into the shopping district of the city centre.
A peace process that began in 1998 with the signing of the Good Friday Agreement has brought a measure of calm to Belfast, but Belfast is still a city divided. East Belfast is a largely Protestant working-class district. South Belfast is a prosperous middle-class enclave centred around Queens University. West and north Belfast, where Catholic and Protestant working-class districts jut up against one another, is the area of greatest conflict and where the fracture lines are at their most raw. So-called “peace walls” have been built to separate adjacent streets of Protestant and Catholic families, with more having been added since the peace agreement.
The north of Ireland has always been a slightly different place than the south. For centuries Ulstermen and -women have been blessed with a unique accent, a mordant sense of humour and a taciturnity unshared by most of their countrymen in the rest of the island. Attempts have been made to explain the province of Ulster’s singularity by laying the blame at the door of thousands of dour Scottish planters who began arriving in the northeast of Ireland in the early 1600s. Of course the Ulster plantation changed the religious complexion, but well before then “the land beyond the Mournes” revelled in its exceptionalism. Ulster was the most Gaelic and least English province of Ireland in the early seventeenth century, and further back into the mists of prehistory the story of the Táin Bó Cúailnge was that of Cuchulain, champion of Ulster, battling the forces of Erin.
In the nineteenth century shipbuilding, heavy engineering, and linen manufacture led to Belfast’s exponential growth, and by 1914 a tenth of all the ships and a third of all the linen clothes made in the British Empire were coming from the city. Belfast was Ireland’s boom town and Dublin the mere administrative capital.
But World War I, the 1916 Easter Rising, and the Irish War of Independence led to the creation of a border that separated the six counties of Northern Ireland from the 26 counties of the Irish Free State. Post-partition Northern Ireland suffered from an inferiority complex. Cut off from cultural developments in Dublin and London, Belfast became something of a provincial backwater. Belfast was heavily bombed by the Luftwaffe in World War II and postwar reconstruction was piecemeal at best.
International literary trends tended to pass Ulster by, and Northern Irish fiction itself went through a lean period until well after the end of World War II. A rare cultural highlight was FL Green's Odd Man Out, which led to Carol Reed's extraordinary film noir adaptation starring James Mason.
But the decline of engineering, shipbuilding, and linen manufacture had a devastating impact on Belfast and it was a gloomy, depressed, unfashionable Victorian city that encountered the years of conflict and low-level civil war known euphemistically as the Troubles.
What began as a series of peaceful marches for civil rights for Northern Ireland’s Catholic minority in the late ‘60s quickly morphed into street violence and random sectarian attacks. As the crisis in the north intensified, the British government deployed the army and suspended Northern Ireland’s parliament. A depressing three decade-long cycle of atrocities and massacres had begun.
By this time much of Northern Ireland’s writing talent – intellectuals such as Brian Moore, CS Lewis, and Louis MacNeice – had left the province to ply their trade under brighter lights, and Belfast languished culturally until the early 1970s when in the midst of the Troubles the city became the focus of an extraordinary group of poets who went on to attain world renown: Seamus Heaney, Paul Muldoon, Derek Mahon, Ciaran Carson, Michael Longley, Tom Paulin, among others. Based loosely around Queens University, these young poets produced the greatest body of Irish literary work since the Gaelic revival.
As the violence worsened, ironically, Belfast grew in cultural confidence, kick-started by this incendiary poetry, which in turn provided the kerosene for the other arts. By the late 1970s Northern Ireland saw a boom in playwriting, screenwriting, songwriting, and finally in novel writing.
Bernard MacLaverty's Cal (1983) was one of the first and best crime novels to address the complexities of life during the Troubles, and the Belfast-set Lies of Silence (1990) by Brian Moore established the city as a labyrinth of twisting allegiances and blind alleys. Eoin McNamee's Resurrection Man (1994) is a portrait of Belfast as a city of the abyss in which sociopathic Protestant serial killers stalk the streets looking for random Catholic victims. Resurrection Man was based on the true story of the Shankill Butchers.
Also in this period, a series of “Troubles Trash” airport thrillers were published by British and American authors seeking to cash in on Belfast’s infamy, some becoming bestsellers and Hollywood films that were largely derided in Northern Ireland for their didacticism and unsophisticated analysis.
In the 1990s a native series of Belfast police procedurals appeared, written by the witty Eugene McEldowney, and homegrown satirist Colin Bateman began his long run of novels that mined the rich vein of dark humour that has always been one of the city’s defining characteristics.
Finally a peace deal was reached and a new legislative assembly set up at Stormont. The uneasy truce established on Good Friday 1998 has held, for the most part, for a decade and a half.
Walking through Belfast city centre today, you’ll see the same range of chain stores and restaurants that can be found in just about any part of the British Isles. Some might argue that the evidence of Northern Ireland’s economic growth – the peace dividend, as it’s known – has robbed the centre of Belfast of its character, but few citizens miss the security turnstiles, the bag searches, the nightly death of the city as it emptied out. Most feel the homogenisation of Belfast is a price worth paying for the luxuries other places take for granted. It might seem a cynical observation, but the truth is, those comforts – the restaurants, the theatres, the cinemas, the shopping malls – are the things that probably guarantee that the peace will hold. Only the most hardened individuals would feel a return to the grey desolation of the ’70s and ’80s is a sacrifice worth making for whatever political ideals they’re too embittered to let go of.
The most visible sign of Belfast’s transformation is the Victoria Square shopping centre, a glittering network of walkways, escalators, and staircases that traverse enclosed streets, a temple of much that is crass and shallow in the modern world, yet a strangely beautiful image of rebirth. Had anyone tried to build such a place in the Belfast of the ’80s or early ’90s, it would have been irresistible to the men of violence. If such an architectural bauble had ever been completed, it would have been bombed within days of opening.
The people who planted the bomb would have claimed it as an economic target, a blow against capitalism, a crippling of Belfast’s business life. Or perhaps it would have just been nihilism: at the time many felt that when the bombers destroyed the Grand Opera House, the ABC Cinema, the Europa Hotel, and other landmarks, it was simply because they couldn’t bear the thought of Belfast’s citizens having anything good, anything decent, anything shiny to brighten the drudgery of their lives.
For all the shimmer and shine of the new Belfast, you can still walk a mile or two in almost any direction and find some of the worst deprivation in western Europe. Those parts of the city have not moved on. While the middle class has enjoyed the spoils of the peace dividend, working-class areas have seen little improvement. The sectarian and paramilitary murals are still there: crude memorials to the fallen “soldiers” of the conflict, to heroes and martyrs still revered.
For a small outlay, you can tour these murals in a black taxi with a knowledgeable guide at the wheel, ready to tell you who died where. You can see Belfast’s bloodstains up close and personal. This is the city that gave the world its worst ever maritime disaster, and turned it into a tourist attraction; similarly, we are perversely proud of our thousands of murders, our wounds constantly on display.
You want noir? How about a painting the size of a house, a portrait of a man known to have murdered at least a dozen human beings in cold blood? Or a similar house-sized gable painting of a zombie marching across a postapocalyptic wasteland with an AK47 over the legend UVF: Prepared for Peace-Ready for War. As Lee Child has said, Belfast is still “the most noir place on earth.”
Despite its relative newness as a city, Belfast has a rich psychogeography: on virtually every street corner and in nearly every pub and shop something terrible happened within living memory. Belfast is a place where the denizens have trained themselves not to see these scars of the past, rather like the citizens of Beszel in China Miéville's novel The City & the City.
This volume contains 14 brand-new stories from some of Belfast’s most accomplished crime and literary novelists and from writers further afield who have a strong connection to the city. The stories take place in all of Belfast’s four quarters and in a diverse number of styles within the rubric of “noir”.
We have divided the book into four sections – City of Ghosts, City of Walls, City of Commerce, and Brave New City – which we think capture the legacy of Belfast’s recent past, its continuing challenges, and a guess or two at where the city might go in the future.
We believe that Belfast Noir is an important snapshot of the city's crime-writing community and indeed represents some of the finest and most important short fiction ever collected on contemporary Northern Ireland. We hope that this book will serve as a record of a Belfast transitioning to normalcy, or perhaps as a warning that underneath the fragile peace darker forces still lurk.
Belfast Noir (Akashic Noir), edited by Stuart Neville and Adrian McKinty, features brand-new stories by Glenn Patterson, Eoin McNamee, Garbhan Downey, Lee Child, Alex Barclay, Brian McGilloway, Ian McDonald, Arlene Hunt, Ruth Dudley-Edwards, Claire McGowan, Steve Cavanagh, Lucy Caldwell, Sam Millar and Gerard Brennan. It is being launched by Lee Child next Friday, November 7th, at Glucksman Ireland House NYU, in New York.
