Born: Febuary 13th, 1923
Died: December 7th, 2020
Chuck Yeager, the most famous test pilot of his generation who was the first to break the sound barrier, and, thanks to Tom Wolfe, came to personify the death-defying aviator who possessed the elusive yet unmistakable "right stuff", died in Los Angeles on Monday. He was 97.
His death, at a hospital, was announced on his official Twitter account and confirmed by John Nicoletti, a family friend.
Yeager came out of the West Virginia hills with only a high-school education and with a drawl that left many a fellow pilot bewildered. The first time he went up in a plane, he was sick to his stomach.
But he became a fighter ace in second World War, shooting down five German planes in a single day and 13 overall. In the decade that followed he helped usher in the age of military jets and space flight. He flew more than 150 military aircraft, logging more than 10,000 hours in the air.
His signal achievement came on October 14th, 1947, when he climbed out of a B-29 bomber as it ascended over California’s Mojave Desert, and entered the cockpit of an orange, bullet-shaped, rocket-powered experimental plane attached to the bomb bay.
An Air Force captain at the time, he zoomed off in the plane, a Bell Aircraft X-1, at an altitude of 23,000ft, and when he reached about 43,000ft above the desert, history’s first sonic boom reverberated across the floor of the dry lake beds. He had reached a speed of 700mph, breaking the sound barrier and dispelling the long-held fear that any plane flying at or beyond the speed of sound would be torn apart by shockwaves.
“After all the anticipation to achieve this moment, it really was a letdown,” he wrote in his bestselling memoir “Yeager” (1985, with Leo Janos). “There should’ve been a bump in the road, something to let you know that you had just punched a nice, clean hole through the sonic barrier. The Ughknown was a poke through Jell-O. Later on, I realized that this mission had to end in a letdown because the real barrier wasn’t in the sky but in our knowledge and experience of supersonic flight.”
Nonetheless, the exploit ranked alongside the Wright brothers’ first flight at Kitty Hawk, North Carolina, in 1903 and Charles Lindbergh’s solo fight to Paris in 1927 as epic events in the history of aviation. In 1950, Yeager’s X-1 plane, which he christened Glamorous Glennis, honoring his wife, went on display at the Smithsonian Institution in Washington.
His feat put Yeager in the headlines for a time, but he truly became a national celebrity only after the publication of Wolfe’s book The Right Stuff in 1979, about the early days of the space programme, and the release of the movie based on it four years later, in which Yeager was played by Sam Shepard. He was depicted breaking the sound barrier in the opening scene.
In his portrayal of the astronauts of Nasa’s Mercury programme, Wolfe wrote about the post-second World War test pilot fraternity in California’s desert and its notion that “a man should have the ability to go up in a hurtling piece of machinery and put his hide on the line and then have the moxie, the reflexes, the experience, the coolness to pull it back in the last yawning moment – and then go up again the next day, and the next day, and every next day.”
That quality, understood but unspoken, Wolfe added, would entitle a pilot to be part of “the very Brotherhood of the Right Stuff itself.”
Affected nonchalance
Wolfe wrote about a nonchalance affected by pilots in the face of an emergency in a voice “specifically Appalachian in origin”, one that was first heard in military circles but ultimately emanated from the cockpits of commercial airliners.
“It was,” Wolfe said, “the drawl of the most righteous of all the possessors of the right stuff: Chuck Yeager.”
In his memoir, Yeager said he was annoyed when people asked him if he had the right stuff, since he felt it implied a talent he was born with.
“All I know is I worked my tail off learning to learn how to fly, and worked hard at it all the way,” he wrote. “If there is such a thing as the right stuff in piloting, then it is experience. The secret to my success was that somehow I always managed to live to fly another day.”
Charles Elwood Yeager was born February 13th, 1923, in Myra, West Virginia, the second of five children of Albert and Susie Mae (Sizemore) Yeager. He grew up in nearby Hamlin, a town of 400, where his father drilled for natural gas in the coal fields. By the time he was six, Chuck was shooting squirrels and rabbits and skinning them for family dinners, revelling in a country boy’s life.
He enlisted in the US army air forces out of high school in September 1941, becoming an airplane mechanic. One day he took a ride with a maintenance officer flight-testing a plane he had serviced and promptly threw up over the back seat. But he joined a flight programme for enlisted men in July 1942, figuring it would get him out of kitchen detail and guard duty. He received his pilot wings and appointment as a flight officer in March 1943 while at a base in Arizona and was commissioned as a second lieutenant after arriving in England for training.
In 2016, when Yeager was asked on Twitter what made him want to become a pilot, the reply was infused with cheeky levity: “I was in maintenance, saw pilots had beautiful girls on their arms, didn’t have dirty hands, so I applied.”
He possessed a natural co-ordination and aptitude for understanding an airplane’s mechanical system along with coolness under pressure. He enjoyed spins and dives and loved staging mock dogfights with his fellow trainees.
He flew P-51 Mustang fighters in the European theatre during the second World War, and in March 1944, on his eighth mission, he was shot down over France by a German fighter plane and parachuted into woods with leg and head wounds. But he was hidden by members of the French underground, made it to neutral Spain by climbing the snowy Pyrenees, carrying a severely wounded flyer with him, and returned to his base in England.
Ace in a day
Downed pilots were not generally put back into combat, but his pleas to see action again were granted. On October 12th, 1944, leading three fighter squadrons escorting bombers over Bremen, he downed five German planes, becoming an ace in a day. In November he shot down another four planes in one day.
After the war, Yeager was assigned to Muroc army air base in California, where hot-shot pilots were testing jet prototypes. He was chosen over more senior pilots to fly the Bell X-1 in a quest to break the sound barrier, and when he set out to do it, he could barely move, having broken two ribs a couple of nights earlier when he crashed into a fence while racing with his wife on horseback in the desert.
The air force kept the feat a secret, an outgrowth of the cold war with the Soviet Union, but in December 1947, Aviation Week magazine revealed that the sound barrier had been broken, and the Air Force finally acknowledged it in June 1948.
But life continued much the same at Muroc. The pilots and their families had quarters little better than shacks, the days were scorching and the nights frigid, and the landscape was barren. The pilots flew by day and caroused by night, piling into the Pancho Barnes bar.
In December 1949, Muroc was renamed Edwards air force base, and it became a centre for advanced aviation research leading to the space programme. In December 1953, Yeager flew the X-1A plane at nearly 2½ times the speed of sound after barely surviving a spin, setting a world speed record.
In autumn 1953 he was dispatched to an air base on Okinawa in the Pacific to test a MiG-15 Russian-built fighter that had been flown into American hands by a North Korean defector. Battling stormy weather as he took the plane aloft, he analysed its strengths and weaknesses. In 1962 he became commander of the school at Edwards that trained prospective astronauts.
‘True legend’
He commanded a fighter wing during the Vietnam war while holding the rank of colonel and flew 127 missions, mainly piloting Martin B-57 light bombers in attacking enemy troops and their supplies along the Ho Chi Minh Trail.
After serving as head of aerospace safety for the US air force, he retired as a brigadier general in 1975. His decorations included the Distinguished Service Medal, the Silver Star, the Legion of Merit, the Distinguished Flying Cross and the Bronze Star. He received the Presidential Medal of Freedom, the nation’s highest civilian award, from President Ronald Reagan in 1985.
Nasa’s administrator, Jim Bridenstine, described Yeager’s death in a statement as “a tremendous loss to our nation”. Astronaut Scott Kelly, writing on Twitter, called him “a true legend”.
Yeager became a familiar face in commercials and made numerous public appearances. Flying F-15 planes, he broke the sound barrier again on the 50th and 55th anniversaries of his pioneering flight, and he was a passenger on an F-15 plane in another breaking of the sound barrier to commemorate the 65th anniversary.
His first wife, the former Glennis Dickhouse, with whom he had four children, died in 1990. He married Victoria D’Angelo in 2003. He is survived by his wife; two daughters, Susan Yeager and Sharon Yeager Flick; and a son, Don. Another son, Michael, died in 2011.
In his memoir Yeager wrote that through all his years as a pilot, he had made sure to “learn everything I could about my airplane and my emergency equipment”.
It may not have accorded with his image, but as he told it: “I was always afraid of dying. Always.” – The New York Times