As the economic crisis sweeps Russia, a dangerous trend is emerging in the traditionally heavy-drinking country: the rise in consumption of potentially lethal moonshine, medical alcohol or even cleaning products.
Layoffs, wage cuts and price increases are combining to worsen the problem of alcoholism, a long-standing major public health issue, by increasing the mix of dangerous products on the market.
Those who can no longer afford shop-bought drinks are turning to “under-the-counter” alternatives that can cause serious damage, even death.
Alexander Polikarpov, the head doctor of the Alcospas chain of alcohol rehab clinics in Moscow, says he has noticed a "wave" of complications in patients, such as delirium tremens - a symptom of withdrawal also known as "the shakes" - and epilepsy.
Dr Polikarpov’s staff of up to 40 doctors specialises in providing emergency detox for drinkers whose families are desperate for them to end a multi-day binge.
Desperate cases
Their patients are more likely to be vodka drinkers scaling down to low-cost, lower-quality varieties. The more desperate cases of alcoholics using industrial products tend to occur in more remote, rural regions.
Dr Polikarpov said: “A number of patients who previously could afford expensive spirits are now forced to reorient in the sense that they use cheaper and lower-quality spirits.”
Sales of legal beer and vodka have fallen sharply as prices rise, buoyed in part by the rising cost of imported ingredients after the rouble’s value tumbled last year.
Analysts said falling sales likely do not mean that demand is falling, simply that it is being pushed into an illegal and dangerous black market.
The alternatives to increasingly costly legal alcohol are many and varied. At the safer end of the scale is vodka production diverted and sold on the side by workers at legitimate distilleries, but some products, such as industrial spirits or moonshine made by inexperienced or unscrupulous distillers, can be lethal.
Some of the most harmful yet popular alternatives to legal alcohol are liquids designed "for hair growth or for cleaning the bath", says market analyst Vadim Drobiz.
Sales of beer, Russia's most popular alcoholic drink, were down 10.5 per cent year-on-year by volume in January, according to figures from Nielsen Russia.
The beer market remained stable by value because prices rose to a new high, Nielsen spokesperson Ekaterina Lukina said.
Long-term decline
Vodka, which is more popular among older drinkers, continued a long-term decline in sales, which fell 17.6 per cent by volume and 2 per cent by value.
That drop is mainly due to government actions to combat alcoholism by instituting a legal minimum price for vodka. While that minimum of 185 roubles (€2.93) for a half-litre bottle is low by European standards, it is costly for low-earning Russians in the poverty-stricken provincial towns where moonshine is most popular.
Earlier this year, President Vladimir Putin ordered the minimum price cut by 16 per cent. While the move was celebrated in Russian media, it did not fully reverse last year's 29 per cent rise, on top of similar hikes in previous years.
That well-intentioned push to fight alcoholism has swelled the black market, Nielsen analyst Marina Lapenkova said.
“Today the share of illegal vodka market adds up to half of the total market,” she said in emailed comments, adding that recession will just exacerbate the problem.
Russians consume the fourth-highest amount of alcohol per capita in the world, according to World Health Organisation data from 2010, the last year for which statistics are available. Alcohol has been a thorny issue for countless Russian governments.
Czarist era
In the czarist era, moonshine producers undermined the vast and hugely profitable state monopoly on vodka production.
By the mid-1980s, alcoholism was wrecking the productivity of the Soviet economy to such an extent that then-leader Mikhail Gorbachev launched a crackdown on vodka sales. Three years of public discontent and a moonshine boom followed before the policy was abandoned.
The most affected regions are typically poor and remote, often where Soviet-era factories have shut down, Mr Drobiz says. He noted moonshine trade is independent of religion - Russia’s Muslim regions have plenty of illegal alcohol production.
Unusually for an industrialised nation, home distilling for personal consumption is legal in Russia and does not require a licence, giving rise to an entire industry focused on the moonshine market.
Not all moonshine is a cheap and dangerous product, however.
Traditional activity
In fact, making old-fashioned Russian moonshine, known as samogon, is a traditional activity for Russians at their dachas (country cabins).
Legally produced samogon-style spirits have even become something of a cult drink in some of Russia’s hipster bars.
Rishat Ibatullin, from the central city of Kirov, runs an online retail outlet selling distilleries to Russia's army of moonshine makers, and says sales are rising.
He suspects some of his customers are setting up illegal businesses, but is keen to portray distilling as an honourable hobby.
"People do it to get a product where they know what it's made from and how it's made," Mr Ibatullin said.
AP