Indigenous leaders and environmentalists in Brazil have voiced horror and indignation after lawmakers approved controversial legislation which opponents fear will strike a devastating blow to Indigenous communities and isolated tribes.
Members of Brazil’s conservative-dominated lower house overwhelmingly endorsed bill number 490 on Tuesday night, by 283 votes to 155.
“You will have Indigenous blood on your hands,” the Indigenous congresswoman Célia Xakriabá told its rightwing backers as left-wingers took to the podium to protest by smothering their hands in the red dye of annatto seeds.
Critics say the legislation, which now moves to the senate, poses a series of profound threats to Indigenous communities and the environment:
- It potentially opens the door to road-building, mining, dam construction, agricultural projects and the use of genetically modified crops on protected Indigenous lands, as well as authorising contact with isolated Indigenous groups in certain circumstances
- It would allow the government to reclaim land from Indigenous communities whose “cultural traits” are deemed to have changed
- Perhaps most damagingly, the legislation would also invalidate Indigenous claims to lands such groups could not prove they physically occupied on the day Brazil’s constitution was enacted in October 1988. Activists say that “time limit trick” could scupper scores of legitimate claims for the delimitation of Indigenous lands, from groups who had already been evicted from their ancestral lands or whose presence had yet to be recognised at the cut-off date
The Climate Observatory watchdog said Brazil’s parliament had witnessed “its most shameful day since the 2016 impeachment of Dilma Rousseff” – a “show of lies, hatred and racism” which signalled the environmental chaos caused by former Brazilian president Jair Bolsonaro was far from over.
Lawmakers had sent “a clear message to the country and the world: Bolsonaro is gone but the extermination [of Indigenous communities and the environment] continues,” the Climate Observatory added.
Sarah Shenker, a campaigner at human rights group Survival International, said: “This catastrophic bill is the most serious attack on Indigenous rights in decades ... Hundreds of Indigenous territories home to over a million Indigenous people could be destroyed.”
She added: “There are many examples of uncontacted tribes whose existence and location was not yet officially confirmed by government in October 1988 ... so if [this] was approved it could be used by anti-Indigenous politicians who are desperate to steal [such territories].”
When Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva returned to Brazil’s presidency in January there was optimism South America’s largest country was entering a new era of sustainable development, environmental protection and respect for Indigenous rights. Mr Lula named the veteran environmentalist Marina Silva as his environment minister and created a ministry for Indigenous peoples run by the Indigenous activist Sônia Guajajara.
“We are going to reverse all of the injustices committed against Indigenous peoples,” Mr Lula vowed in his inaugural address, claiming Brazil had a “historic debt” to such groups.
But the rowdy congressional debate that preceded the approval of Bill 490 brought such hopes crashing back down to earth and revealed a starkly divided country.
A succession of white, mostly male lawmakers took the microphone to claim they were supporting the legislation because they considered themselves Indigenous defenders who wanted to help such groups integrate into mainstream society. Many were staunch supporters of Bolsonaro and members of the powerful ruralista bloc linked to agribusiness which boasts 302 of the 513 seats in the lower house and 42 of 81 senators.
Bibo Nunes, a congressman from Bolsonaro’s rightwing Liberal party, voiced outrage that nearly 14 per cent of Brazil’s territory was in the hands of Indigenous people who represented only 0.4 per cent of the population. “What’s the logic? Explain it to me, you lefties!” Nunes bellowed.
Leftist politicians countered that the legislation would endanger Indigenous lives as well as the global struggle against climate change given the crucial role Indigenous communities have in protecting the Amazon rainforest.
“This is a bill of death, backwardness and regression ... This is a crime against Indigenous people,” said Juliana Cardoso, a congresswoman from Lula’s Worker’s party.
But such arguments were ignored and the bill passed easily.
Guajajara told activists to remain mobilised in the face of what she called “a serious attack on Indigenous people and the environment”.
“We will remain steadfast and united, as we always have been,” Lula’s Indigenous minister said in a video message. – Guardian