Irish company hVivo is to run the world's first Covid-19 human challenge trials – in which healthy volunteers are deliberately infected with coronavirus to assess the effectiveness of experimental vaccines.
The UK government-funded studies are expected to begin in January according to several people involved in the project, which will be announced next week.
A 24-bed quarantine clinic in Whitechapel, London, has been earmarked for the initial challenge trials. It is run by hVivo, a spinout from Queen Mary University of London that was bought this year by Dublin-based Open Orphan, a pharmaceutical research organisation that is listed on both the Dublin and London stock markets. Imperial College London is the project's academic leader.
The researchers, who did not want to comment publicly ahead of the launch, said the trials would play a vital role in narrowing the large field of promising Covid-19 vaccines likely to move into clinical testing early next year.
Volunteers will be inoculated with a vaccine and a month or so later receive a "challenge" dose of Sars-CoV-2, the virus that causes Covid-19, under controlled conditions.
About 2,000 potential volunteers have signed up for challenge studies in the UK through the US-based advocacy group 1Day Sooner, which campaigns for Covid-19 infection trials and has enlisted 37,000 people worldwide.
Traditional clinical trials need tens of thousands of participants and researchers would struggle to attract enough for multiple vaccine studies.
The lead organiser of 1Day Sooner in the UK is 18-year-old Alastair Fraser-Urquhart who is devoting his time to the campaign before going to University College London to study cancer biology next year.
“By exposing just a few hundred carefully selected young, healthy people to coronavirus – a virus which for this group is far less deadly than routine procedures such as a live kidney donation – we can test a huge range of vaccines very quickly,” said Mr Fraser-Urquhart.
One crucial aspect of challenge trials is to select and purify an appropriate strain of the virus that is genetically representative of Sars-CoV-2 currently circulating in the population, and choose doses that will infect volunteers without overloading their immune system.
It is also essential to have a “rescue remedy” on hand to prevent serious illness in participants. The London trial will initially use remdesivir, the only antiviral drug so far proven to work against Covid-19.
Volunteers who take part in hVivo’s influenza challenge studies receive up to £3,750 compensation. The payment for Covid-19 trials is likely to be somewhat higher because the isolation will last longer – potentially as long as a month.
The hVivo facility could be divided into three zones of eight beds each, to test three different vaccines at the same time. There is likely to be intense demand for its services and larger facilities may be opened later.
Any Covid-19 challenge trial will need to be approved by the UK Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency and an independent research ethics committee.
“Human challenge trials can be helpful for the development of vaccines and can provide early evidence of clinical efficacy, particularly when there are low rates of infection of the virus in the population,” said the agency.
“The safety of trial participants is our top priority and any proposal from a developer to include a human infection challenge as part of a clinical trial for development of a vaccine would be considered on a benefit-risk basis, with risks monitored for and minimised in the proposed trial design.”
Challenge trials have a long history dating back to 1796, when the vaccine pioneer Edward Jenner inoculated eight-year-old James Phipps with live cowpox virus. More recently, they have been instrumental in developing vaccines and treatments for typhoid, cholera and malaria and in understanding how the immune system responds to flu and other viruses.
1Day Sooner is launching a UK campaign this week with a petition to parliament asking for public funding of a biocontainment facility with enough capacity to quarantine 100 to 200 participants.
Dominic Wilkinson, professor of medical ethics at Oxford university, is one of several prominent ethicists in the UK who have already signed the 1Day Sooner petition.
“When we are facing an unprecedented global threat from Covid, it is an ethical imperative to carry out well controlled challenge studies to help develop a vaccine and then to identify the best vaccines,” said Prof Wilkinson. “The ones emerging first from clinical trials are unlikely to be the best.” – Copyright The Financial Times Limited 2020
