Bobby was a good boy. So was Bravo. Angel was a good girl, and when she sat, furry hindquarters sliding a little on the tile floor, she raised a paw for emphasis, as if to say, it’s this cotton ball that my keen nose has identified, the one that smells like Covid-19.
The three Labradors, operating out of a university clinic in Bangkok, are part of a global corps of dogs being trained to sniff out Covid-19 in people. Preliminary studies, conducted in multiple countries, suggest that their detection rate may surpass that of the rapid antigen testing often used in airports and other public places.
"For dogs, the smell is obvious, just like grilled meat for us," said Dr Kaywalee Chatdarong, deputy dean of research and innovation for the faculty of veterinary science at Chulalongkorn University in Bangkok.
The hope is that dogs can be deployed in crowded public spaces, like stadiums or transportation hubs, to identify people carrying the virus. Their skills are being developed in Thailand, France, Britain, Chile, Australia, Belgium and Germany, among other countries.
They have patrolled airports in Finland, Lebanon and the United Arab Emirates, and private companies have used them at American sporting events.
Angel, a pale blonde with incipient jowls and a fondness for crunching plastic bottles, is the star of the pack at Chulalongkorn University. But as a group, the dogs being trained in Thailand – Angel, Bobby, Bravo and three others, Apollo, Tiger and Nasa – accurately detected the virus 96.2 per cent of the time in controlled settings, according to university researchers.
Studies in Germany and the United Arab Emirates had lower but still impressive results.
Sensitive snouts
Sniffer dogs work faster and far more cheaply than polymerase chain reaction, or PCR, testing, their proponents say. An intake of air through their sensitive snouts is enough to identify within a second the volatile organic compound or mixture of compounds that are produced when a person with Covid-19 sheds damaged cells, researchers say.
“PCR tests are not immediate, and there are false negative results, while we know that dogs can detect Covid in its incubation phase,” said Anne-Lise Chaber, an interdisciplinary health expert at the School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences at the University of Adelaide in Australia who has been working for six months with 15 Covid-sniffing dogs.
Some methods of detection, like temperature screening, cannot identify infected people who have no symptoms. But dogs can, because the infected lungs and trachea produce a trademark scent. And dogs need fewer molecules to nose out Covid than are required for PCR testing, Thai researchers said.
The Thai Labradors are part of a research project run jointly by Chulalongkorn University and Chevron. The oil company had previously used dogs to test its offshore employees for illegal drug use, and a Thai manager wondered whether the animals could do the same with coronavirus. A dog’s ability to sniff out Covid-19 is, in theory, no different from its prowess in detecting narcotics, explosives or a Scooby snack hidden in a pocket.
The six dogs were assigned six handlers, who exposed them to sweat-stained cotton balls from the socks and armpits of Covid-positive individuals. Researchers say the risks to the dogs are low: The coronavirus is not known to be easily transmissible through perspiration, a plentiful commodity in tropical Thailand. Instead, the main transmission route appears to be respiratory droplets.
On rare occasions, pet cats and dogs in close contact with infected humans have tested positive for the virus, as have populations of minks and other mammals. (There are no proven cases, however, of household pets passing the virus to humans.)
Within a couple months of training, at about 600 sniffs per day, the Thai dogs were sitting obediently whenever they sensed the cellular byproducts of Covid-19 on cotton balls, which researchers placed at nose height on a carousel-like contraption.
Smell patterns
Dogs, whose wet snouts have up to 300 million olfactory receptors compared with roughly 6 million for humans, can be trained to memorise about 10 smell patterns for a specific compound, Kaywalee said. Dogs can also smell through another organ nestled between their noses and mouths.
Some research has suggested that dogs of various breeds may be able to detect diabetes, Parkinson’s disease, malaria and certain cancers – that is, the volatile organic compounds or bodily fluids associated with them. Labradors are among the smartest breeds, said Lertchai Chaumrattanakul, who leads Chevron’s part of the dog project.
They are affable, too, making them the ideal doggy detector: engaged and eager. Lertchai noted that Labradors are expensive, about $2,000 (€1,635) each in Thailand. But the cotton swabs and other basic equipment for canine testing work out to about 75 cents (60 cents in euro) per sample.
That is much cheaper than what is needed for other types of rapid screening. Last week, Singapore announced that it was provisionally approving a kind of breathalyser to test for Covid-19.
Three of the Thai Labradors are stationed in the country's deep south, near the border with Malaysia, where the ministry of public health says dangerous Covid-19 variants have entered Thailand. The other three were moved in recent weeks to the ninth floor of Chulalongkorn's veterinary faculty's building in Bangkok, where they live in former student dormitories.
The Bangkok-based dogs are now screening sweat samples from Thais who cannot easily reach Covid testing sites, such as the elderly or the bedridden. The dogs’ minders are working to set up a programme with the city’s prisons, where thousands of inmates have been diagnosed with Covid.
US cases
In the United States, dogs have been used to screen for Covid-19 at a handful of privately run events, including checking ticket holders at Miami Heat games and sniffing the sweaty feet of revellers at a wine and food festival in South Beach. But there are no national standards or government programmes for using the dogs.
Cynthia Otto, director of the Penn Vet Working Dog Center at the University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, said that she worries that until there is better research about how good dogs are at sniffing out Covid in real-life situations, the method could allow people who are positive to slip by undetected. "I don't want to miss those, then everyone thinks they're safe," she said.
Thailand is suffering its worst outbreak of coronavirus since the pandemic began. Clusters are proliferating in prisons, construction camps and other cramped quarters. Vaccines are in short supply, and less than 2 per cent of the population has been inoculated.
Researchers at Chulalongkorn have designed a mobile unit that they plan to drive to possible Covid hot spots, so that dogs can pinpoint areas that need mass testing. There are still many questions about using dogs to detect the virus. What do vaccinated people smell like? How easy will it be to train a large pack of Covid-sniffing dogs around the world? What if people being tested by a canine nose are not that sweaty? What if a dog gets Covid-19 and loses its sense of smell?
Still, Lertchai said he thought that virus-detecting dogs would be a boon, particularly in countries that do not have the resources for more expensive testing. “Covid isn’t going away, and there will be new variants,” he said. “Dogs want to be helpful, so let’s use them.” – New York Times
