The plainclothes men showed up late at night near Thammasat University in Bangkok, casing out the residence where the student activist slept. On Thursday morning, Panusaya Sithijirawattanakul went to her sociology class, called her mother and waited for her arrest. She was sure it was to come.
Last week, Panusaya (21), stood on a stage during an anti-government protest at Thammasat and addressed, head on, the role of the monarchy in a country where criticism of the institution has been limited by strict lèse-majesté laws that forbid insulting the royal family. “In the past, there have been statements fooling us by saying that people born into the royal family are incarnations of gods and angels,” she said at Monday’s protest. “With all due respect, please ask yourselves, are you sure that angels or gods have this kind of personality?”
King Maha Vajiralongkorn Bodindradebayavarangkun, who spends most of his time in Europe, returned to Thailand for his mother's birthday last Wednesday. By Thursday, the nation's head of state was gone again, with his fourth wife, the queen.
On the Thammasat campus, like everywhere in Thailand, stands a giant portrait of the king, the 10th monarch of the Chakri dynasty, dressed in golden brocade with a sombre expression on his face. While the country’s absolute monarchy was toppled by a bloodless revolution in 1932, Thailand remains bound by royal traditions. The father of Vajiralongkorn reigned for 70 years and was the world’s longest-serving monarch at the time of his death in 2016.
Student-led
Thailand’s student-led anti-government protests, which have gained momentum this summer, have addressed everything from the disappearance of activists critical of the military and monarchy, to the enduring power of a 2014 coup leader who now serves as prime minister.
Over recent days, however, they have added a new element to the mix: direct criticism of a royal institution that, through decades of street and student protest, tried to position itself as floating above politics.
In an interview on Thursday, Panusaya said Thailand’s problems were rooted in its monarchical traditions. “I know I am taking a very high risk that I could go to jail or be tortured or die,” she said, “but I don’t think it’s the time to be afraid anymore.”
At least nine activists who fled overseas since the 2014 coup have disappeared after criticising Thailand’s most hallowed institutions. Two of their bodies were later found on the banks of a river, their bellies stuffed with concrete. Another two critics who over the past week have called for reforms to the monarchy have been the subject of complaints. The crime can carry a jail term of up to 15 years.
Although Thailand has escaped the coronavirus pandemic largely unscathed, its tourism-dependent economy has been battered. Protesters have contrasted the economic hardship of millions of Thais with the wealth of the royal family, which is one of the richest in the world. In 2017, the king took personal control of the royal coffers, rather than let its finances be overseen by state agencies.
“While people are starving, the monarchy is spending lavishly,” Panusaya said. Thammasat University, like Tiananmen or Tahrir, is a byword for a democracy movement violently thwarted. In 1976, security forces and paramilitaries stormed the university area, shooting, hanging and beating students and other protesters. Dozens, at least, were killed.
An iconic Associated Press photograph of the massacre captured a lifeless body hanging from a tree as a man swung a chair at the corpse. Crowds, including children, appeared to cheer on the attacker.
The protest last Monday at Thammasat was at another campus, located on the outskirts of Bangkok. Arnon Nampa, a human rights lawyer who was charged with sedition earlier this month, repeated calls he made for an open discussion about the monarchy. The king's powers, he said, should be limited to those of a constitutional monarchy. Such calls, he stressed, were not meant to overthrow the institution.
Toward the end of Monday night, Panusaya read a 10-point statement from a student group urging reforms to the royal institution. Among the demands were a call to end the punitive lèse-majesté law and a proposal to trim the royal budget.
Coups
The student group also called for the monarchy to refrain from politics. Thailand has undergone a dozen successful coups since 1932, and the monarch has formally endorsed those changes of government. Last year, a party critical of the junta that took power in 2014 nominated the king’s elder sister as its candidate for prime minister. The king quickly quashed his sister’s political foray. The party that nominated her was later dissolved.
Forces associated with the junta leader, Prayuth Chan-ocha, won the elections, in a vote that international observers said was deeply flawed. He remains as prime minister and has referred to his government as one that represents the king.
After the Thammasat protest this week, a university official said the student organisers had not followed an agreement on what would be discussed at the rally. A police spokesman said the student protesters were testing the limits with their frank speech.
“To whomever is going to the protest, I believe everyone knows what can and cannot be done,” Col Kissana Phathanacharoen said. “Things that you say will be tied to you. There will be evidence kept for the future.”
Earlier this month, Gen Apirat Kongsompong, the army chief, said that while the coronavirus was a curable illness, "hating your own country is a disease that is not curable".
“If being unpatriotic cannot be cured, do they deserve a similar ending to the students at Thammasat in the 1970s?” said Sunai Phasuk, a senior researcher on Thailand for Human Rights Watch. “This link is one everyone in Thailand will make.”
On Thursday afternoon last, amid torrential downpours, a brief rally took place at Srinakharinwirot University in Bangkok amid a large police presence. Some of the organisers said on social media they were allowed to proceed only if they did not mention the role of the monarchy in their speeches.
Sirin Mungcharoen, an activist at Chulalongkorn University in Bangkok, said the 10-point manifesto laid out by Panusaya at Thammasat was important because "it opened the way for the public to be able to criticise the monarchy".
Intimidating those who expressed such opinions was wrong, she said, and democratic debate was needed in Thailand. Still, she added, the protest movement’s main agenda remained ridding the country of its military-drafted constitution, dissolving part of parliament and ensuring that dissidents didn’t disappear.
“These three demands are what we have demanded since the very beginning” she said. “There has to be respect for human rights.” Since the coup six years ago, thousands of people who criticised the government have been forced to undergo sessions at “attitude readjustment camps” in military compounds.
A computer crimes act and other legislation have been used to imprison others. A state of emergency put in place because of the pandemic is being used to justify actions against student protesters.
As evening fell last Thursday, Panusaya said she had not yet been arrested. Seeking safety in numbers, she had holed up for the night with other student activists. She was still waiting. – New York Times
