Five years after Islamist killers carried out post-war France’s deadliest attack, its prime minister on Friday paid tribute to the victims, with the country again on high alert following a new wave of ideologically driven violence.
The November 13th, 2015 attacks by jihadist suicide bombers and gunmen killed 130 people, wounded hundreds and left deep scars on the nation’s psyche.
Premier Jean Castex laid wreaths at venues across the capital that were hit that night, the first outside the Stade de France where the co-ordinated attacks began during a soccer match attended by then president Francois Hollande.
The attackers also targeted cafes, restaurants and the Bataclan concert hall, sites that have been under close police watch in the run-up to Friday’s anniversary.
France is back on its highest security alert following, since September, a stabbing outside the former offices of the Charlie Hebdo magazine, the beheading of a history teacher who had shown his class cartoons of the Prophet Mohammad and a fatal attack in a church in Nice.
Interior minister Gerald Darmanin said France faced a double-edged threat. "From outside, people sent from abroad, and a grave internal threat, people who are amongst us, our enemies within," he told Franceinfo radio on Friday.
After the Nice attack, Mr Darmanin said France was engaged in a war against Islamist ideology. France's president Emmanuel Macron pledged to stand firm against assaults on French values and freedom of belief - comments that led to anti-French protests in some Muslim countries.
There were 14 attacks carried out in France between 2013 and 2019, according to the Centre for the Analysis of Terrorism. Scores more failed or were foiled.
Shifting threat
While the security risk facing France has not diminished, the nature of the threat has changed, security experts say.
It no longer lies so much with cells of foreign or domestic militants groomed by Islamic State and other jihadist networks, but rather with “lone wolf” attackers often unknown to spy agencies and inspired by Islamist propaganda online.
“The threat is increasingly difficult to pin down,” said one former senior intelligence official.
“We know how to monitor and infiltrate organised networks and radicalised mosques. But we remain quite helpless when confronted by individuals.”
The Chechen teenager who decapitated teacher Samuel Paty on October 16th had a record of juvenile delinquency but was not among the 20,000 people inside France on the country's security watchlist.
Nor was he the first to blindside the intelligence services.
His weapon, a single blade, also contrasted sharply with the arsenal of suicide bomb vests and automatic rifles used by the Paris attackers.
“There is no longer the need for groups like Islamic State to organise attacks,” said jihadism expert Asiem el Difraoui.–Reuters