A lost artefact from the Great Pyramid of Giza has been found in a chance discovery at the University of Aberdeen.
It is one of only three objects ever recovered from inside the last remaining wonder of the ancient world.
Curatorial assistant Abeer Eladany, from Egypt, was reviewing items in the university's Asia collection when she came across a cigar box marked with her country's former flag.
Inside she found several wooden splinters, which she then identified as a fragment of wood from the Great Pyramid that has been missing for more than a century.
“The university’s collections are vast – running to hundreds of thousands of items – so looking for it has been like finding a needle in a haystack. I couldn’t believe it when I realised what was inside this innocuous-looking cigar tin,” she said.
The wooden fragment is one of a trio of items discovered by engineer Waynman Dixon inside the pyramid's Queens Chamber in 1872.
Known as the “Dixon relics”, two of them – a ball and hook – are housed in the British Museum, while some have speculated the lost piece of cedar was part of a measuring rule that could reveal clues to the pyramid’s construction.
It is believed the fragment was bequeathed to the university by Dixon's friend, James Grant, but was never classified and despite an extensive search could not be located.
The discovery of the relic has also raised new questions, as carbon dating has shown the wood can be dated to the period 3341-3094BC – some 500 years earlier than historical records that date the Great Pyramid to the reign of the Pharaoh Khufu in 2580-2560BC.
‘Revelation’
Neil Curtis, head of museums and special collections at the university, said: "Finding the missing Dixon Relic was a surprise, but the carbon dating has also been quite a revelation.
“It is even older than we had imagined. This may be because the date relates to the age of the wood, maybe from the centre of a long-lived tree. Alternatively, it could be because of the rarity of trees in ancient Egypt, which meant that wood was scarce, treasured and recycled or cared for over many years.
“It will now be for scholars to debate its use and whether it was deliberately deposited, as happened later during the New Kingdom, when pharaohs tried to emphasise continuity with the past by having antiquities buried with them.”
The cedar fragment originally belonged to a much larger piece of wood, which was most recently seen in a 1993 exploration of the interior of the pyramid by a robotic camera in hidden and now unreachable voids.
Ms Eladany said: "I'm an archaeologist and have worked on digs in Egypt, but I never imagined it would be here in north-east Scotland that I'd find something so important to the heritage of my own country.
“It may be just a small fragment of wood, which is now in several pieces, but it is hugely significant given that it is one of only three items ever to be recovered from inside the Great Pyramid.”– Guardian